This section describes specific activities that are identified as components of the management of paid work and relates these factors to a family management model. Only the 482 home -based workers who were also the household managers were studied. Because of the need for agreement and consistency in performing management activities, it was assumed that this subgroup would be able to evaluate the overlap and permeability of the boundary between work and family.

Studying Managerial Behavior

Prior to this research project, no effort had been made to delineate managerial processes that are unique to home -based workers in their paid work activities. It is generally assumed, however, that effective management is a major determinant of the achievement of such desired paid work outcomes as the creation of products and the provision of services. Although the outcomes are self-evident, the proof that the behaviors producing the outcomes are part of a conscious, goal-driven managerial process has been elusive for family resource management researchers. To address this deficiency, a multiple-item scale was developed to assess the management of the income-generating activities.

Emphasis was given to the throughput components of management in the scale developed for this project. The leading question was “Which number (1 = not at all; 3 = somewhat; 5 = exactly) most closely describes you and how you work?” Higher scores, after recoding for three questions, indicated management behavior more closely aligned with the underlying conceptualization than not. For example, the statement “Each week you decide how much work you will do” relates to goal setting.

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